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Heterochromatin variants of the human karyotype
Michalová, Michaela ; Šípek, Antonín (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Chromosomes are cell structures consist of chromatin, out of which one kind is a constitutive heterochromatin, which contains non-coding sequences only and is transcriptionally inactive. Heterochromatin blocks consist of highly repetitive sequences of satellite DNAs, which allows the parts to be variable. The largest areas of heterochromatin can be found at long arms of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y, but heterochromatin areas also affect the variability of the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13 - 15, 21 and 22. This bachelor thesis based on a number of scientific essays summarizes findings about heterochromatic variants, their occurrence, frequency, possibilities of examining as well as their clinical significance in today's world. It mainly highlights their possible connection with reproductive failures and contradictory results of individual observations. Contemporary results show the importance of new laboratory methods (molecularly cytogenetic), which can be used in specifying and more detailed sorting of findings, which were previously tagged as harmless variants according to less accurate banding methods. The summarization implies that emphasis should be put on the study of clinical meaning of heterochromatic variations. These can influence the progress of meiosis and thus trigger...
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Reproductive disorders in dogs
Szabová, Martina ; Rozinek, Jiří (advisor) ; Karlasová, Barbora (referee)
This labour is about reproductive disfunctions of dogs males and females. Prevention and early diagnostics can help to start with medical cure and finaly reinstate animal. Vaginal cytology is cheap, simple, considerate method, which helps define stage of females cycle or diagnose some patological conditions of organism. Bacterial cultivation of vagina or uterus shows natural microflora or pathogenical microorganism, who cause inflammation or sepsis. Sonography helps to find tumors,infections, mineralization or cysts.
The most common tumors are males prostate tumor or females tumor of mammary glands. New studies speculated about global genetic expresion of classification tumors depends on specific examples. Pyometra is one of the most common reproduction disease of females before they reaches ten years. It is an inflammation of uterus with cumulated septic fluid inside and mostly graduaded to ovariohisteroctomy. High concetration of chemokine helps to better diagnose inflammation of organism. Brucella cannis is serious disease, which seriously harms juveniles. In that case we talk about zoonosis which harms humans as well. Common tests who help us to diagnose problems are ELISA, PCR or serology. Canis herpes is expanded around whole world and its prevalency antibodies are very different. For detection of virus is mostly used VNT test, ELISA, PCR or hemaglutination. Abnormal sexual diferentiation is mostly disorder of females reprodaction system, abnormalties of chromosomes and defects on fenotype. Abnormal chromosomes we can categorize as syndrome XXY, syndrom XO, syndrom XXX or real hermaphrodites and chimers. Individuals with defects at gonades have chromosomes XX or XY, but their sexual glands are in contradiction with chromoses. Fenotype problems at individuals mostly have same chromoses as their sexual signs, but their fenotype does not fit to their sexual glands. For example pseudohermaphrodism.
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